As Vong is an isolating language, words are not inflected or do not change form, so if you are searching for a word that is not in the vocabulary, but there is another close word, then use that word. For example, if you cannot find the Vong word for "beauty," a noun in English, then use the Vong word for "beautiful," an adjective in English.
about (pertaining to; on the topic of) l�
above, over g�m
across (at / to the other side of) �i
after (later than; in the future of) ng�um
around, encircling, surrounding b�u
at (in the same location as) chiun
because of, due to uo
before, in front of, ahead of (spatially) n�
before, prior to, earlier than k�
behind, in back of, to the rear of f�n
between, among, amidst, inter- �
beyond, farther than, exceeding jang
by means of, via, per, with (using; through instrumentality of) tha
during u�
except for, besides, apart from, other than, excluding th�
for (to benefit; destined for; for the purpose of) ua
for (in exchange for) siung
from, out of, away from ang
in (located inside of) su�
instead of, rather than ki�n
like, similar to i�
near, close to shu
of (owned by; belonging to; associated with; = genitive) v�
of (containing the measured quantity: "two liters of water") �
on (resting on; touching the top or other surface of) iu
outside of, exterior to ch�n
than, compared to vi�
through au
to, towards, at (moving toward) �
under, below, beneath ch�
whether eing
with (accompanied by) i�
without, with no ..., lacking no
be (intransitive predicative copula) suo
be (passive marker; "be X-ed") aung
exist b�n
become (begin to be; acquire the quality...) nu�
cause (induce something to be/happen) s�u
make, render (impart quality X to Y; e.g. "I make you happy") ta
do, perform, engage in (specified activity) mo
have (possess / be furnished with) giom
can (is/are able to ...) f�
should, ought to (is/are expected/advised to ...) v�ng
this (demonstrative) zien
that (demonstrative) f�
and, plus j�n
but, however h�in
if (on condition that...; supposing that...) gi�n
or shi�
that (e.g. "I know that you are right") lu�m
also, additionally, too ngu�m
apart, separately u�
here (in/to this place) zi�m
how? (in what manner?) sh�ng
how much/many? ueng
maybe, perhaps, possibly zi�
not dim
only, solely, exclusively �ng
there (at/to that place) v�
together bu�
what? uam
when? (at what time?) �
where? (at/to what place?) thi�
which/who? uom
why? (for what reason?) b�ng
any (no particular one of) mau
every, each ng�
person, human being ou
self eim
baby, infant ai
child ni�
boy u�n
girl m�i
man (adult male person) ng�
woman (adult female person) k�m
family o
father sun
mother lom
marriage (spousal relationship) tou
husband ia
wife u�
son giun
daughter thu�ng
brother ien
sister sh�
chief, leader oing
king choi
queen k�ing
president ngu�
prime minister �m
dictator, tyrant i�
master, lord ng�i
slave ki�ng
soldier v�m
ambassador na
member (of group/organization) pong
friend th�
enemy ing
Mister, Mr. juo
Ms., Miss/Mrs. tue
Miss g�n
Mrs. �i
club, society (voluntary association re: a common interest) b�m
committee (group appointed to do a task) th�i
community (individuals sharing space / culture) zu�
culture (the customs and beliefs of a people) mi�ng
individual (one considered separately from one's species) k�n
people (a people), folk, the members of an ethnic group / nation dong
public, populace, the people (as in People's Republic) ue
race (group of people with similar characteristics) sh�u
team, crew, squad po
abdomen �
anus d�ng
arm (shoulder to hand) r�m
back (dorsal area) i�
beard �i
blood vi�
body hi�
bone ui
brain b�
breast, mammary �
buttock chi
cheek (side of face below eye) d�n
chest (upper front of torso) u�
chin pie
ear l�ng
egg ch�
eye n�i
face r�ng
feather v�
feces, dung, excrement b�ng
fetus (foetus), embryo soi
finger th�ng
fist tai
foot (on which something stands) z�m
forehead l�i
gene sh�
hair (a strand of fibrous material growing from the body) li�
hair (the hairs atop one's head thought of as a collective entity) ngi
hand muem
head �
heart (coronary muscle) t�ng
heel ju�
hip si�n
horn (bone-like growth from animal's head) s�ng
intestines, gut(s), viscera ngei
iris (of eye) h�u
kidney b�u
knee shi
leg io
lip �u
liver p�ng
lung eng
meat, flesh k�
mouth g�
muscle mi�ng
nail (fingernail) ji�
navel chai
neck m�
nerve tuang
nose ngi�n
organ (of body) u�
palm (of hand) vi�
penis mi
shell chen
shoulder hu�
skeleton shoim
skin j�i
spine, backbone gi�ng
stomach cha
sweat, perspiration z�
tail l�ng
tear(drop(s)) li�n
testicle h�
throat v�n
thumb i�
toe f�
tongue (body-part) g�ng
tooth t�m
urine s�n
vagina f�m
vein, blood vessel pin
waist l�ng
wing (of bird etc.) kein
wound ti�
wrist ni�
berry (small pulpy fruit) do
bud (of flower/leaf) ng�in
flower hio
fruit s�m
leaf k�m
nut (hard-shelled fruit/seed with separable shell and kernel) gung
pod (seed pod) nion
root (of a plant) ruing
seed �u
sprout (young shoot of plant) ku
alive le
dead ngom
birth l�
mature, adult puin
healthy tiung
disease, illness, sickness r�i
fat, obese, plump z�ng
sex, gender hoi
female dei
male ni�
neuter (neither male nor female) fin
sense (ability to perceive a given kind of stimuli) v�
pain v�m
pleasure kon
tired, weary sh�n
refreshed, zesty, perky sh�
sleep k�
awake tu�n
fever s�
bite zu�
breathe kaing
catch (stop the motion of and seize in the hands) k�
climb fu�
copulate, have sex (with) bam
crawl j�
cry out, shout, yell kiam
cry, weep vi�
dance piong
die k�
drink hi�m
drown (die/kill via immersion) p�n
eat l�ng
feel (perceive with the tactile sense) la
gesture �i
hold, grasp ki�
hunt, pursue (with intent to capture and/or devour) he
jump, leap thi�m
kick s�
kill vio
kiss chu�
laugh mon
lie (recline horizontally) pi
live (be alive) p�
run thuim
shave th�m
sit (be in a sitting position) ngian
smile u�
sneeze zem
spit shang
squat pi�
stand th�
swallow g�ing
swim kin
taste (perceive the flavor of) g�
throw, toss thu�n
touch di�
vomit f�ng
walk j�m
wrestle v�u
animal (non-vegetable creature) shian
ant (insect of family Formicidae) gi�
bear (animal of Ursidae family) zu�
bee (member of genus Apis) ngiu
bird (egg-laying feathered animal with wings) t�
butterfly bu�ng
cat (Felis catus) g�m
chicken n�m
cockroach (insect of order Blattaria) di
cow/bull, cattle (bovine animal of either sex) f�i
deer (animal of family Cervidae) u
dog (Canis familiaris) �u
donkey, ass (Equus asinus) hi�
dragon (winged serpent with crested head and large claws) ri�m
fish di�m
fly (small winged insect) v�m
fox (member of genus Vulpes) mong
frog (web-footed tailless leaping amphibian) th�n
goat (animal of genus Capra) k�ng
grasshopper l�
horse (Equus caballus) ri�n
insect gu�ng
lion (Felis leo) m�n
lizard di�n
lobster z�
mammal miu
mantis (insect of order Manteodea) hueng
monkey, small primate ngeng
mosquito fi�
mouse ki�m
pig, swine (omnivorous mammal of family Suidae) ku�
rabbit (animal of family Leporidae) zoi
reptile mu�
sheep (Ovis aries) b�
snake, serpent (reptile of suborder Serpentes or Ophidia) tam
spider, arachnid su�ng
squirrel (rodent of family Sciuridae) ei
tiger (Felis tigris) f�ing
turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) kuon
turtle (reptile of order Testudinata) chu�
virus k�ng
whale (large marine mammal of order Cetacea) z�im
wolf (Canis lupus) nio
worm shue
apple (tree/fruit of genus Malus) geing
bamboo (plant/stem of genera Bambusa / Arundinaria / Dendrocalamus) b�i
banana (plant/fruit of genus Musa) fi�
bean (lima/snap/etc.: plant/seed of genus Phaseolus or similar) chi�m
cabbage (plant/leaves of sp. Brassica oleracea capitata) ra
carrot (plant/root of sp. Daucus carota sativus) rue
coffee (plant/seeds of sp. Coffea arabica) ch�um
cork (tree/elastic tissue of sp. Quercus suber) fu
corn, maize (plant/seeds of sp. Zea mays) v�
cotton (plant/fibers of genus Gossypium) j�ing
cucumber (Cucumis sativus) nau
date (tree/fruit of sp. Phoenix dactylifera) f�ng
fig (tree/fruit of genus Ficus) z�ing
flax (Linum usitatissimum) sem
garlic (herb of sp. Allium sativum) r�m
ginger (plant/rhizome of genus Zingiber) lu�
ginseng (plant/root of genus Panax) rian
gourd (plant/hard-rinded fruit of genera Lagenaria & Cucurbita) h�
grape (plant/fruit of genus Vitis) v�ng
grass (monocotyledonous plant of family Gramineae) ch�
hemp, marijuana (plant/material of sp. Cannabis sativa) gen
kelp (seaweed of orders Laminariales and Fucales) lu�ng
lentil (plant/seeds of sp. Lens culinaris) �
lettuce (plant/leaves of genus Lactuca) lu�
mandarin, tangerine (tree/fruit of sp. Citrus reticulata) s�ing
mint (plant of family Labiatae) n�
mushroom (a complex aerial fleshy fruiting body of a fungus) fei
mustard (plant of sp. Brassica hirta / B. nigra / B. juncea) li�m
oak (tree of genus Quercus) bui
oat (plant/seed of genus Avena) j�m
olive (tree/fruit of sp. Olea europaea) ku�m
onion (plant/bulb of sp. Allium sepa) v�n
orange (tree/fruit of Citrus sinensis / related spp.) fa
pea (plant/seed of sp. Pisum sativum) th�m
peanut (plant/seed/pod of sp. Arachis hypogaea) fen
pepper (hot/sweet/bell pepper -- plant/pod of genus Capsicum) p�
pepper (black -- plant/seed of sp. Piper nigrum) l�i
pine (coniferous tree of genus Pinus) tu�ng
plum (certain trees/fruits of genus Prunus) bo
potato (plant/tuber of sp. Solanum tuberosum) j�m
rice (plant/seed of sp. Oryza sativa) zang
rose (plant/flower of genus Rosa) pio
safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) thu�
sesame (plant/seed of genus Sesamum) b�ng
soya, soybean (plant/seed of sp. Glycine max) th�n
spinach (plant/leaves of sp. Spinacia oleracea) je
squash, melon (plant/fruit of genus Cucurbita grown for edible fruit) gu�
sunflower (plant/bloom of sp. Helianthus annuus) s�ung
tea (plant/leaves of sp. Camellia sinensis) chi�
tobacco (plant/leaves of sp. Nicotiana tabacum) t�m
tomato (plant/berry of genus Lycopersicon) j�ng
wheat (plant/seed of sp. Triticum aestivum) j�in
bush, shrub miam
garden s�n
grain(s), cereal crop(s) and their seed(s) k�
harvest, reap j�im
plant (a vegetable life-form) h�m
tree pia
bay (small body of water offset from lake or sea) r�ing
beach, shore v�ng
cave i�
cliff ru�n
cloud k�m
desert ng�u
earth (terra firma contrasted with sea and heaven) muon
earthquake n�m
eclipse g�
field (unbroken expanse of land) d�ng
flood, deluge sh�m
fog bun
forest duon
hail thu�
hill (smaller than a mountain) v�i
island koin
lake t�
lightning l�n
moon (natural satellite of a planet) the
mountain ning
nature (that which occurs spontaneously; the non-artificial world) chu�m
planet t�
rain r�n
rainbow kom
river pi�
sea, ocean ch�ng
sky f�ng
snow gue
star si�
storm ding
sun z�
swamp, marsh lu�
thunder k�m
tide fiu
tornado ngu
universe, cosmos ri�n
valley i�
volcano sh�n
weather bi�
wind bua
world sh�n
arrow (sharp-tipped shaft shot from a bow) ru
axe fi�n
balloon z�i
bar, rod s�
barrel, cask f�i
basket nu�ng
bed fou
bell lam
blade k�m
blanket (large piece of soft material used as a cover) fau
board bu
bomb bi�
bottle noi
bow (for arrows) k�ung
bowl (deep round dish) chie
box (rigid rectangular receptacle) ti�
brake meng
brick (hard clay block) k�n
broom i�
brush th�n
bucket, pail so
bullet chu�ng
button (on a shirt etc.) t�
cage sh�
can (presealed metal container) {British: tin} zu�ng
candle j�i
cannon r�i
chain (connected series of rings or links) sh�
chair (furniture for one person to sit on) th�i
cigarette vu�ng
clock vin
club, cudgel k�n
coin mi�m
comb shai
computer (electronic instruction-obeying information-handler) n�n
container shi�m
cord, cable (thicker than wire) de
cover (thing put onto or extended over something else) ha
cup (small bowl with handle) rim
curtain thi�
dial (circle marked with numbers/symbols) si�m
dish (any shallow concave container) poim
doll, effigy heng
dome (anything shaped like an upside-down bowl) n�m
drain (device that removes unwanted liquid) ku�
drill hi�m
drum (hollow musical instrument beaten with sticks or hands) ng�i
envelope (folded paper covering a letter) vi�
fan (device to create air current) p�u
fence (outdoor barrier supported by posts) m�
file (tool for abrading) roum
flag, banner jaum
fork (instrument with >=2 prongs for picking up something) me
frame (structure supporting or surrounding something) k�n
furniture rua
gear (toothed wheel) j�um
guitar (stringed instrument played with the fingers) zio
gun (ballistic weapon) f�
hammer th�ing
handle (part of tool by which it is held) fi
hinge ng�
hook fiom
horn (makes noise when blown) vu�
hourglass siun
jar, jug (big wide-mouthed bottle) nem
key (metal device for operating lock) rem
knife ng�ng
knob ze
ladder d�
lamp �i
lens s�m
lever shu�
lock (device for securing doors) goum
machine (device with moving parts) choum
match (little fire-stick) king
microscope th�un
mirror h�m
motor, engine z�i
nail (pointy fastener) g�u
needle t�n
net g�
oven ri�
package, packet, parcel ng�
paddle, oar (stick with broad end) shou
pan (broad shallow cooking dish) shia
patch (a piece used to cover/repair a flaw) nu�ng
pedal ng�un
pen (writing tool that uses ink) h�
pencil, crayon (writing tool that uses semi-solid substance) f�
pillow, cushion guom
pipe (a hard tube for transporting liquid) thi�ng
plate (shallow dish, usually round) p�u
plow (plough) ch�
pocket v�n
pole, stick (long bar) v�n
post (vertical pole anchored in ground) z�n
pot (deep round vessel) naum
pulley p�
pump sha
rack (framework of bars for storage) j�i
radio apparatus, wireless set sh�
rail (usually horizontal bar for restraining/supporting things) h�u
rake �i
razor ti�
rope v�u
rug, mat pueng
sack, bag b�
sail ngoum
saw (tool) tho
scale (device to measure weight) bie
scissors fe
screen, mesh v�ng
screw (threaded fastener) n�in
sign (board with public notice written on it) g�n
shelf shaum
shield (a protective implement) j�ng
shovel h�m
spear, lance hu�
sponge (real/synthetic corpse of animal of phylum Porifera) pu�
spool, reel (cylinder onto which something is wound) th�m
spoon gu�
spring (metal helix) lu�n
staple (fastener) vi�m
strap shu�
string (thicker than thread and thinner than rope) nia
stylus nging
sword su�
syringe rein
table (piece of furniture with flat top) du�m
telephone lio
telescope reng
television set ku�ng
toilet, water closet vuom
tool, utensil, implement bu�n
tongs n�ng
towel v�ung
toy, plaything mu
trap veim
tray (shallow rectangular dish) ch�un
umbrella h�n
valve (flow-controller) baung
weapon dio
wheel rien
wire (long thread-like piece of metal) ngon
wrench {British: spanner} gan
apron s�un
belt pi�
coat (heavy outer garment with sleeves) h�ng
collar ch�
eyeglasses m�n
garment (item of clothing) k�u
glove vu�n
harness g�n
hat, cap k�i
helmet pu�
jacket (a short and/or lightweight coat) di�
necktie biom
pants, trousers sh�m
shirt ki
shorts, trunks (trousers extending no lower than knees) f�in
shoe du�
skirt, kilt, dress (any torso-garment open at the bottom) m�
sock, hose, stocking zu�
uniform (special garments worn by members of a group) h�
veil r�
building, edifice (structure with walls and roof) bu�
attic, garret p�
ceiling f�u
cellar, basement chan
chimney v�in
door r�
elevator {British: lift} r�
fireplace, hearth deim
floor (bottom of room) mu�
roof sua
room, chamber fo
stair(s) pu�m
wall r�
window h�n
church (building or institution of public worship) jion
factory ch�m
hospital si�m
hotel, inn ngi�
house (a free-standing man-made dwelling-building) jei
library pai
mill (place where raw materials are processed) fu�
prison, jail fi�
school chuam
store, shop, boutique hi�
tavern, bar, pub shom
theater d�
university h�ng
bridge don
farm t�in
park (public outdoor area) l�i
market (place where goods are bought/sold/traded) r�i
tower p�im
agency, bureau t�m
army sho
authority (the right/power to command) hu�n
campaign (for political office) chin
constitution (charter of an organization) di�n
control p�ng
court (of law) chi�
crime pion
elect (select by voting) su�ng
free (at liberty) p�i
government zi�
independent ban
international da
jury hi
law (a rule enforced by a government) z�m
military von
nation, state (political entity) pu�m
obey sh�m
official (issued with authority) hu�ng
organize (bring X's together to perform a task) lin
parliament, congress (legislative body of elected officers) vuam
party (political), sect (religious) d�
permit, allow, let v�
police (organization to enforce laws) chu�
politics n�ng
prohibit, forbid, contra-permit zui
province (of Canada etc.), prefecture, state (of USA etc.) chueng
resign thi
rule, regulation pu
submission, surrender r�ing
tax bi�
trial (in court) ch�i
unite ng�in
vote ju�ng
war kiom
accept (willingly receive) d�
account (record of money received/paid/owed) z�um
bank (monetary institution) th�m
bill, invoice (statement of money owed) gu
borrow t�ung
business, commerce th�
buy, purchase thi�
cheap, inexpensive shim
check (written order directing a bank to pay from an account) shu�n
company (a business organization), firm r�u
contract (agreement-document) ge
credit (permission to borrow money) j�
debt, obligation to pay ch�ng
exchange, trade, swap hi�
expensive, costly ji
frugal, thrifty ngu�n
generous, charitable v�
get, acquire, gain, obtain b�ng
give nu�
insurance (protective contractual arrangement) roim
invest fi�
job, employment s�m
keep, retain, go on having (e.g. "you should keep this book") ch�
lack (be without) t�ing
lend ni�ng
lose (cease having; contra-acquire) vam
merchandise, goods, wares chim
money n�
offer (present for acceptance or rejection) ch�ng
own (possess according to law or custom) p�
pay p�
poor, impoverished th�
price, cost ki�
private (contra-public) che
prize, award b�u
profit, gain m�
provide, supply, furnish sai
public (available to most or all persons) teng
punish ch�i
receive niong
reject, refuse (contra-accept) luem
responsibility, liability, accountability ging
reward gi�
rich, wealthy d�m
sell seim
steal (take in a criminal way) b�m
store, cache, reserve, reservoir pou
take (in the sense of E-o "preni", G "nehmen", Sp "tomar") n�
ticket, coupon zong
value (the quality of being useful and/or desirable), worth fu�ng
angel, fairy (supernatural flying humanoid) h�ing
bless (wish good upon) ni
curse, damn (wish evil upon) l�ung
ghost (manifestation of dead person's soul) m�m
god, diety g�i
heaven, celestial realm, Valhala etc. f�i
hell, Hades ngi�n
holy, sacred sh�u
magic, sorcery vang
pray (communicate with god(s)) lien
priest, clergyman m�in
religion be
revelation, mystical vision thi�n
ritual, rite, ceremony theng
soul, spirit (believed to outlive the body) shu�
admire m�
alert s�n
angry z�n
approve (of) z�n
art (creative craft; productive use of talent) b�
attention (active perception) ziung
behavior, conduct li�n
believe (accept as true) bong
blame shuin
boring, tedious ng�m
calculate, reckon z�
care, concern (about someone / something) b�ing
caution, prudence, carefulness lu�n
celebrate, rejoice th�
choose, pick (out), select one of many possibilities lium
comfort (freedom from pain and/or worry) g�m
compare h�n
conscious, aware chu�n
courage, bravery gom
dear, precious, cherished l�n
decide zi�ng
disappointment fu�m
distinguish, differentiate, tell one from another nu�m
doubt chi�
dream t�m
embarrassment ki�ng
enthusiasm, zeal g�m
expect, anticipate (believe that X will come/happen) th�n
experience (consciously live through an event) u�
favor, prefer d�
fear (be afraid of) hia
feel (experience an emotion/sentiment) d�n
foolish l�n
forget (contra-remember) gi
forgive, pardon dum
funny, comical nie
grateful, thankful pi�
greedy th�ing
guard, monitor, watch over z�
guess, conjecture l�m
guide, lead ch�m
guilty, blame-worthy ng�n
habit, custom, routine practice m�u
happy lei
hate sh�i
hope ni�m
humble, modest ku�m
idea, concept (thought-bundle) zei
imagine b�im
important s�n
innocent, contra-guilty ba
insane, crazy, mad r�
intelligent z�n
intend, mean to, do deliberately, have as a purpose l�m
interest (desire to pay attention to something), fascination b�in
invent (plan something which has never been made before) d�
jealousy, envy l�n
judge (compare something to criteria), form an opinion about kui
know te
knowledge ko
learn l�n
like, enjoy (derive pleasure from) kio
logic (formalized process of reasoning) r�m
lonely (feeling undesirable solitude) ki�n
love p�
loyal p�m
mercy heim
mind r�u
mystery v�m
neglect, negligence, apathy d�
nice, kind, affable nian
notice, observe ru�
opinion f�ng
patience ng�
peace (freedom from fighting or turmoil) leing
perceive, detect zi�m
pity, feel compassion toward, feel sorry for lu�
plan, design foin
play (performed by actors on stage), drama lan
pretend, act, feign t�
pride (proudness; self-respect) mu�ng
reason, explanation, justification, rationale f�
reasoning, rational thought pen
recognize nga
regret g�
remember hum
respect, venerate, esteem ju�
revenge, vengeance, retribution, getting even shu�
sad, unhappy, melancholy zoung
satisfaction va
seek, search (for), look for shiong
seem, appear to be, give the impression of ngaung
serious, earnest, grave chu�ng
shame ku�m
study pe
stupid n�u
subject, topic of discussion shi�m
suppose, presume h�
surprise, startle tham
talent, skill, knack g�
teach ch�ng
tempt r�ng
theory shu�m
think si�
trust b�n
understand, comprehend r�in
want, wish, desire shau
whim, caprice zu
wise p�im
worry, anxiety shong
address (postal co-ordinates) thi�
admit, confess ju�
advertisement ri
advice ch�um
alphabet p�ung
announce, proclaim mung
answer, reply to a question or argument tiam
article, essay (piece of text about one topic) j�n
ask, inquire m�ung
book jung
call, summon h�m
chapter (main division of book) she
chart, diagram r�um
claim, assertion (statement of unknown accuracy) k�i
code (cryptographic system) n�ng
command, order, directive sh�m
communication (exchange of information) ti�
consonant (non-vowel) sh�
criticize lu�ng
deny (say that X is not true) j�ng
describe p�u
dictionary sum
discuss, talk about lu�
document ch�
emphasize, accentuate, stress g�ng
fact (undisputed datum) j�
fiction kuo
file (dossier; loose bundle of data) mua
grammar (rules and structure of a language) l�
history (organized account of past events), chronicle tium
indicate hu�ng
information bai
insult li�
invite ke
issue, edition (of periodical etc.) p�ng
label ni�ng
language (the verbal communication technique of a people) tau
letter (a message written and mailed) vi�n
lie (utter a known falsehood) mai
list r�im
magazine (periodical publication) bi�m
mail (transmit postally) h�
map (drawing of planet's surface) pem
meaning (semantic content of a word) z�ng
message (batch of transmitted information) fun
movie, motion picture bu�ng
name ng�u
news, tidings b�m
newspaper kau
noise (confused/randomized sound/stimuli) nguen
note, annotation thom
page (one side of a sheet of paper in a book) s�
photograph li�ng
poem hu�
praise, compliment, laud re
print (to copy marks by pressing inked objects on paper) maim
promise (a claim about one's future actions), pledge fuo
protest, objection k�ng
question, query hoim
quote, cite vu�
read s�
record (a cache of information) niu
request, ask for s�
say, tell, express in words ch�m
secret th�n
sentence (of words) hu�
sing �u
speak, talk ch�ung
story, report li
suggest, propose (offer an idea) si�ng
syllable h�
symbol, sign, token p�ng
thank (express gratitude toward) vai
vocabulary (sum of words available to a person/people) th�in
voice gu�n
vowel ch�
warn joi
word ru�ng
write ji�n
game (a rule-governed system of competitive amusement) thi�
game, match (one particular encounter between competitors) d�in
athletics (games involving physical skill), sports b�
score (the tally of points in a competition) pu�
umpire, referee, official th�im
ball (spheroidal plaything) t�n
bat, stick, racket/racquet (any ball-hitting tool) s�ng
ski h�m
baseball vaim
basketball th�ng
football (association f~), soccer v�n
football (American/tackle f~) lun
gymnastics f�
hockey b�m
pool, billiards d�im
tennis p�m
chess song
play, recreate, frolic d�m
same, identical g�um
similar s�n
different mi�m
other, another sh�
change (become/make different), vary k�ng
imitate, mimic zuong
original, non-imitative h�
prototype, exemplar, archetype, model (for all Xs) n�un
copy (a duplicate) sie
zero th�i
one rum
two ng�in
three j�
four sue
five g�
six di�ng
seven bi�
eight daun
nine ng�m
ten jui
hundred cheing
thousand ju�ng
million go
half (1/2) ru�ng
quantity (amount / number / magnitude) pu�ng
number, numeral (a word or symbol indicating quantity) j�
count, enumerate si�
measure nueng
ratio, rate, proportion k�ung
add, append, join so as to cause an increase th�
remove, subtract, take away, delete lu�
increase (become or make greater in quantity) shu�ng
decrease (become or make lesser in quantity) k�ng
multiply ju�m
divide p�ng
total, sum, aggregate ng�
rest (of ...), remainder, leftovers, remnant m�im
whole, entire, complete thu�
all (the whole number or entire sum of) s�
many (a large number of) t�n
few (a small number of) ting
much (a large quantity of) t�i
more (a larger quantity of) thang
most (the largest quantity of) thu�n
little (a small quantity of) fem
less (a smaller quantity of) du�
least (the smallest quantity of) ju�
part kie
piece (a part broken/cut/separated from something larger) shi�n
section, segment (a part somehow different/separated from others) shu�ng
allocation, allotment, portion (someone's share of X) shoi
group ju
batch (quantity of things done/produced at one time) ti�m
bundle, bunch (group of things tied or grouped together) m�m
majority ji�ng
minority z�im
density shu�m
dense (of much density), concentrated, thick, intense ru�n
rarefied, tenuous, diffuse, dilute, sparse, wispy gie
full, filled d�ng
empty t�m
degree (the extent/intensity/scope of an action/condition/relation) k�n
at least, not less than (>=) cho
at most, only, just, merely, not more than (<=) s�u
much, very (to a large degree; with great intensity) z�un
more (to a larger degree) n�m
most (to the largest degree) chiu
little (to a small degree; with almost no intensity) sh�ng
less (to a smaller degree) f�n
least (to the smallest degree) z�i
enough, sufficiently n�u
almost, nearly thio
too much, excessively f�ung
too little, insufficiently r�m
size (degree of largeness or smallness) juang
huge, enormous, gigantic shen
big, large (of much size) vong
small (of little size) z�ng
tiny, minuscule n�
expand, grow ch�n
shrink, contract zaung
distance (amount of space from X to Y) sh�ng
far (at / to a great distance) p�un
near (at / to a little distance) vu�m
present (existing in the indicated place; contra-absent) r�m
absent jou
place, location shiu
length (distance from one end to the other) juim
long (of much length) l�in
short (of little length) shi�m
width (degree of wideness or narrowness) m�
wide, broad (of space between objects) ping
narrow, of little width (of space between objects) j�n
thickness (of a solid object, etc.) d�um
thick, fat (large from one surface to the opposite surface) hom
thin, slender (small from one surface to the opposite surface) fu�ng
height (distance from ground / baseline to top) toing
high, tall (of much height) l�
low, short (not tall; of little height) l�m
depth (distance from ground / baseline down to bottom) n�u
deep, profound (of much depth) r�ng
shallow (of little depth) j�
horizontal ju�
vertical thu
diagonal, slanted ngia
sloped, inclined/declined (not horizontal) di�ng
angle (the relation of two lines radiating from a point) tie
position (location relative to others) s�m
region, area (a quantity of space within boundaries) v�ng
space, room, void zun
connection, joint, junction m�n
environment, surroundings, context mio
front ji�
rear, back part of thia
side, flank, lateral area l�
middle, center m�im
top, peak, summit gi�ng
bottom puang
edge ve
inner, internal, interior zaing
outer, exterior, external ti�ng
limit, boundary jeng
find (discover the location of) j�i
misplace (lose; become unable to find) gia
direction (orientation of motion) gi�n
up d�um
down mi�
north ne
south h�n
east rau
west ti�
right(-hand) m�
left(-hand) chaung
away (from this or that place) duom
back (to previous place / condition) zue
inverted, upside-down thin
backward (in reverse order) moing
direct, immediate (with no intermediaries or obstacles) hiu
serpentine, meandering, convoluted mu�
city rong
land, country, territory oim
village zu�ng
rural area, countryside sim
source, origin ram
route, path, course li�n
destination g�ing
aim (to point/direct X toward Y) m�m
attract b�
avoid, evade, keep away from gau
barrier, obstacle kue
base, node, station (point from which things go or are done) s�im
bring (cause something to come along with one toward a place) t�ing
capture, seize sang
carry (move while supporting) lui
come, arrive (at indicated place) m�
drift, wander ch�n
drive, impel, propel zu�m
emit (to send out any form of matter/energy in any manner) sh�m
enter, go into fu�
escape, flee from t�m
fly (move through the air) fi�n
forward, ahead nu�
gather, collect (bring or come together) l�m
go (move from starting point to elsewhere) n�
journey, trip, voyage thi�m
leave, depart, go away from j�
load, burden diem
meet, encounter, come across l�im
miss, fail to hit/reach/see etc. thei
move (engage in motion / cause to engage in motion) liam
put, place, translocate g�
reach, extend as far as hin
release (quit keeping/restraining) f�ing
remain, stay ngu�m
repel shi�m
restrain, inhibit, hold back gu�
retrieve, fetch (go to X and bring it back) z�m
return (go or send back to previous place/condition) ng�m
ride (sit/perch in/on a vehicle/horse/etc. and travel) t�
roll (move like a ball/cylinder by turning over and over) ti�
send, dispatch, transmit chu�ng
slide, slip, glide gu�
stretch, extend b�
turn, divert (send in a different direction) vu�
turn, rotate, revolve d�ng
visit pi�m
airplane, aircraft k�u
bicycle fai
boat kuen
bus v�ing
canal, channel, ditch j�un
car, automobile (wheeled motor vehicle) se
cart, carriage, wagon (wheeled vehicle; not self-propelled) jua
motorcycle s�
port gi�
railroad zing
road nuo
rocket ng�i
ship bu�
street th�ng
train (of railroad) to
truck {British: lorry} (motor vehicle for cargo-carrying) shu�n
vehicle g�u
age (degree of oldness / youngness) z�ng
young (of little age; having existed/lived for a brief time) pieng
old (of much age; having existed/lived for a long time) th�i
new, novel, recent (having been known for a brief time) hong
old (of long standing; having been known for a long time) gian
permanent, perpetual l�i
constant, invariant, stable sio
temporary, transient jiang
interval (quantity of time between events X and Y) ng�m
irregular, sporadic, intermittent puo
regular, periodic (at uniform intervals) gai
rhythm v�
time (e.g. "do it 3 times"), occasion, instance, iteration ngou
again, once more, re- gi�
alternate, take turns (do X then Y then X then Y) roi
cycle (one complete performance of a periodic process) k�in
frequency (degree of oftenness or seldomness) m�n
frequently, often pau
seldom, rarely pu�
duration (amount of time consumed) v�
long (of much duration) h�m
short, brief (of little duration) ren
gradual l�in
sudden, abrupt zain
begin, commence, start t�i
continue, keep on doing/being ch�u
pause, hesitate, suspend action temporarily v�
end, conclude, finish t�i
cease, stop doing, quit ming
delay, retard, tarry, postpone n�in
rush, hurry, hasten chei
period, era, epoch thui
moment, an instant z�
always (at all times) v�n
ever (at any time) ngum
never ng�ng
time (the dimension/continuum of past-present-future) bum
past (the p~), earlier time sh�um
present (the present time; the now) v�i
future (the f~) ch�im
already (prior to the time mentioned) b�i
still, yet (even until the time mentioned) d�ng
yesterday m�i
today zai
tomorrow v�im
long ago (in the far past) guam
recently (in the near past) ki�
now (at this time) vuing
soon (in the near future) li�m
eventually (in the far future) ni�
early, premature thuo
timely, prompt, on time mi�n
late, tardy shu�
speed, velocity (degree of fastness or slowness) k�n
quickly, rapidly, swiftly (with much speed) f�m
slowly (with little speed) za
series (a number of similar things following one another) j�
sequence, order (temporal arrangement of events in a series) dun
last, final (after all others) ron
prior, preceding, previous, contra-next z�n
next (coming immediately after; "tomorrow" = the next day) h�um
season sh�in
spring (the season) zi
summer pu�ng
autumn, fall bing
winter h�
century thaim
year ruim
month n�
week p�i
day (24-hour period) g�im
date (coordinates of a day given in some timekeeping system) ngoi
day (daytime -- as opposed to night), diurnal period liang
night veng
morning (dawn to noon) gaum
noon chi�n
afternoon (noon to dusk) ngu�n
evening (dusk to midnight) ku�
midnight ziu
graveyard shift, middle of the night (midnight to dawn) r�ng
hour (60 minutes) si�m
minute (60 seconds) gu�ng
second (1/60th of a minute) nen
holiday dan
sabbath (day of week with religious significance) r�i
wait (for), await d�ng
air d�ng
alcohol r�um
ash fu�n
brass (copper-zinc alloy) b�
carbon pu�n
chalk g�u
chemical (substance made by or used in chemistry) fiun
clay ngi�m
cloth, fabric (material made of threads) b�
coal ng�
copper p�n
dirt, earth (tangible), soil mi�
dust t�ng
element (substance of irreducible simplicity) bung
fat (oily/greasy material from animal adipose tissue or plant seeds) j�in
fuel p�n
glass zo
gold (the precious metal) z�
ice diom
ink th�i
iron mi�
jade (the tough green gemstone) b�n
jewel, gem si�
lead (the metal) ji�m
leather (prepared hide) muen
medicine (substance that makes one healthy) zu�n
metal ng�
mineral, ore gum
mud bim
neon daung
nitrogen ga
oil (a combustible fatty liquid that will not mix with water) vu
oil (crude oil), petroleum du�n
oxygen gin
paint pu�
paper s�ing
plastic (synthetic/processed moldable material) gu�
poison, toxin lian
potassium r�un
quartz v�ng
rock, stone zen
rubber hu�m
salt tong
sand ji�
silk n�i
silver (the metal) z�n
soap vi�
sodium gu�m
steam nun
steel ngun
sulfur f�ng
tar (dark viscous liquid obtained by destructive distillation) t�
tin (the metal) ng�
water voi
wax ngo
wood (the substance) j�u
wool thim
beer dom
bitter lai
bread b�n
butter ch�ng
cheese ch�n
chocolate n�n
flavor, taste ng�ng
flour (grain-powder) z�n
food hu�m
honey hi�
milk ji�
pasta, noodles lu�ng
pizza gi�m
salad t�n
sandwich ch�n
sausage vi�m
soup jin
sour pei
spice, seasoning shein
sugar g�in
sweet fu�m
vinegar l�ng
wine v�ng
arch pu�n
band, tape, flat strip kam
block (solid flat-surfaced mass of material) m�n
branch (small part going out from main part) fu�m
bump, protrusion d�ing
card (stiff rectangle of material) f�u
circle pi�ng
coil d�in
cone jueng
crack, fissure ch�i
cross (perpendicular intersection of linear items) foi
crystal kuam
cube dang
curve z�
cylinder l�ng
dent, nick, indentation ngiong
disk, disc d�ing
drop (of liquid) pang
film (very thin layer) vuon
flared (opening up or spreading out from axis) sh�
foam, froth fi�n
form, shape sau
furrow, rut, groove ngai
garbage, trash, rubbish ru�ng
gas chi�
helix (any corkscrew-shaped object) si�
hole th�u
jelly (gelatinous semi-solid material), gel th�um
juice (fluid extracted from something) j�ng
layer ru�
line (series of contiguous points) houn
liquid ruem
loop, circuit, closed curve th�m
lump, clod, blob, piece of no particular shape luo
mark (visible traces left behind) ch�im
matter, material, substance h�n
object (concrete tangible thing) zu�m
opening, orifice du�
oval, ellipse ri�n
parallel chi�ng
paste (any thick soft dough-like material) lieng
pattern (apparent systematic interrelationship) duim
pile, heap, stack of things or of a substance shi�m
plane (flat surface) jan
plug, seal, stopper fum
powder tu�ng
pyramid tua
ray k�
rectangle zu�n
ring, torus j�u
rust, corrosion lon
scratch sin
sheath chong
sheet (thin rectangle of paper/cloth/etc.) ku�n
shower, sprinkle d�n
smoke th�m
solid (not a gas or liquid) tu�
sphere r�n
spike, barb, cleat, thorn vi
spiral, whorl m�ng
square d�i
stripe chio
surface su�
swelling, inflation m�i
tapered (becoming narrower toward an end) mu�n
thread, filament ni�
triangle ch�m
wave ji�m
wedge g�ng
wrinkle, crease s�m
flat, planar zoim
level, even (on the same level) s�in
smooth chiem
rough, coarse, contra-smooth lum
straight (not bent) g�i
bent ngau
pure, unadulterated, uncontaminated m�u
clean p�
dirty, contra-clean ru�ng
open (not shut) ran
closed, shut guo
wet s�m
dry chu�m
sharp, keen, pointy, acute g�n
dull, blunt (of little sharpness) chu�
soft, malleable, yielding to pressure chi�ng
hard, firm, resistant to pressure r�ing
flexible (easily able to bend) s�i
stiff, rigid sh�um
elastic (able to regain shape/size after deformation) h�ng
durable, resilient, robust, strong (in this sense) h�
fragile, delicate feim
weight (degree of heaviness or lightness) n�
heavy (of much weight) k�n
light (of little weight) fuong
solid (contra-hollow) tuin
hollow paing
snug (just large enough to contain X), tight (in this sense) sh�i
loose (contra-snug), baggy b�ing
taut, tight, tense, strained zi�
loose (contra-taut), slack di�ng
viscous, thick (of high viscosity) cham
runny, thin (of little viscosity) pi�
absorb men
adhere (hold tightly to / stick to something) long
beat (repeatedly hit), batter p�n
blow (move/cause to move as a current of gas) min
boil r�ing
bounce, rebound zu�m
break (into pieces) mui
build (join materials to create), construct sei
burn g�n
burst k�i
consume, deplete, expend, exhaust, use up j�in
contain z�ng
crush (press on so as to break or re-shape) j�
cut sh�ng
dig suang
dissolve r�ng
evaporate ng�n
explode ngung
float f�n
flow (travel in a current) f�
fold l�um
freeze jie
grind shi�
hang, suspend, dangle j�i
hit, strike f�in
melt thou
mix, blend ngu�
pollute, contaminate ziong
pour (cause to flow) j�ng
preserve, maintain (keep X in good condition) b�m
press (do pressure to; push upon with weight or force) ju�n
pry {British: prize} (raise/open/move with a lever) p�m
pull (draw something toward oneself) fi�m
push (press on something in order to move it) tu�m
rot, decay fia
rub, abrade ho
sew h�m
shake p�
shoot (cause to rapidly go forth) mi�n
sink su�
spill (accidentally emit liquid) pu�n
spread (begin to cover or cause X to cover more area) ki�m
stab, jab lie
stir, agitate koim
suck th�ng
sweep ch�ing
tear, rip r�n
tie, bind m�n
trim, prune (cut off ragged edges) h�i
wash th�n
weave z�
wrap sham
acid(ic) z�u
alkaline riu
atom f�
balance, equilibrium du�ng
basis, foundation (part which supports the rest) ti
electricity t�u
energy b�un
fire b�un
force kueng
gravity r�m
magnet zuo
molecule leng
power f�im
smell, odor, aroma ru�ng
strength (ability to exert physical power) kien
stroke, jolt, blow of force hen
vacuum hi�m
vapor, mist b�ng
polarity (electric, magnetic, etc.) sh�in
positive sion
negative zia
gentle, mild jue
violent, harsh goi
see ti�m
light (visible electro-magnetic radiation) th�im
color fan
shadow, shade l�un
shine (radiate light) shi�
picture, image d�
bright (with much light present) su�
dark, dim (with little light present) bi�
black ji�n
gray {British: grey} ki�
white ngium
red pu�
orange (having a hue between red and yellow) l�n
yellow d�m
green z�in
blue thue
purple li�
brown j�ng
beautiful shuim
ugly du�n
ornament, decoration shun
blemish, blot di�
hide, conceal zan
reveal, disclose faim
examine, inspect gu�
show, exhibit, display chian
sound (audible waves in the air) g�
silent v�n
quiet, soft, faint (of little sonic intensity) ka
loud (of much sonic intensity) sh�ing
hear hing
music chem
tone, pitch (frequency of sound waves) ngi�n
whistle liun
temperature (relative amount of heat present) chu�ng
heat, warmth ch�
cold, chilly, frigid sui
cool hie
warm lu�
hot sh�m
bake (cook or harden by means of dry heat) duong
cook (prepare by applying heat) choim
happen, occur h�un
accident (unintentional and unexpected event) ru�
miracle thiom
disaster, catastrophe chi�ng
act, deed ch�i
activity, bustle, ado m�u
result, consequence ng�m
agree bu�m
fight, combat b�ng
protect, defend r�n
attack ch�m
good kum
bad n�ng
category, classification pi�ng
kind, sort, type, variety (of...) huang
certain, sure m�im
probable (likely to happen/be) ri�
cooperate, collaborate k�ng
compete, strive, vie ri�ng
help, assist, aid shum
interfere, hinder zi�ng
succeed z�m
fail j�n
simple fu�ng
complex shi�m
condition, state, status ni�n
create, make (bring into existence) ng�un
destroy (contra-create; cause to cease existing) shi�
safety, security ngi�
danger (situation in which harm is probable) di�
easy p�n
difficult, hard mi�n
true r�
false, untrue mom
famous ri�
obscure, unheard of di�
injure, damage, harm k�m
repair, fix sh�ng
flaw, defect, imperfection d�u
native (naturally belonging to a given realm) chon
chief, main, primary, principal ng�n
auxiliary roung
normal, ordinary, usual v�m
strange, weird, unusual, peculiar sh�n
trouble, difficulty kei
real, actual ku�
trick, chicanery nom
right, correct sh�
wrong, incorrect sien
reside, dwell, live fien
camp, bivouac, temporary shelter nu
nest, den, lair (an animal's self-made house) m�in
represent (act as a substitute for) bi�n
substitute, surrogate (temporary replacement) sh�m
replacement (permanent substitute/substitution) neng
common, general (shared by all members of a group) ku�ng
specific, special, particular mum
ability, capacity (to do something) gu�m
artificial (deliberately made by humans) g�n
automatic ch�i
chance, randomicity, luck d�
civilization chiam
clear, plain (easy to see/understand) ng�ng
compromise feing
consist of, be composed of kuan
depend on, rely on nuim
deserve, merit, be worthy of v�um
detail chua
entitle uing
equal m�in
evil z�im
exact, precise f�ng
example, sample ku�n
exercise, practice (effort made to improve skills/health) z�m
experiment pu�n
fertile r�u
harmony (pleasing combination of stimuli) si�n
just, fair, equitable t�u
match (a thing suitably associated with another) kong
method, manner, way (of doing), technique thaung
mutual, reciprocal thua
naked, nude, exposed (without the usual cover) boim
necessary, needed, required p�m
need, require ng�ing
possible (able to happen or be done) tuam
prevent (keep from happening) th�u
process, procedure hu�n
program ri�m
progress, advancement vu�m
project, undertaking, venture thu�ng
proof, evidence m�
quality, trait, attribute, characteristic f�i
ready, prepared for a task / event mieng
relationship, association bei
right (a right to do/be ...) hua
role (an individual's function) th�ng
save, rescue j�m
species chui
suitable, proper, fit(ting), appropriate chun
system t�m
task, chore, job, assignment fu�ng
technology m�ng
tendency, propensity, inclination fu�ng
try, attempt, endeavor vom
use, utilize keim
vogue, trend, fad, fashion ch�ng
waste, misuse fung
wild, feral, untamed hi�ng
work, effort, labor, toil s�m
riot s�ng
science k�in
serve (provide service to) toi
set (complete group of similar items) g�ung
strike (work stoppage as protest) ti�m
support l�
test, check ja
torture, torment l�